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年金:常见问题 |
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表的内容
- 什么是可变年金?
- 年金是如何运作的?
- 我应该投资年金吗?
- Should a retiree purchase an 即时年金?
- How do life annuities differ from life insurance?
- What's the down side to buying an annuity?
- 有哪些类型的年金?
- What are my options for collecting my annuity?
- What's the tax on payouts from a qualified plan or IRA annuity?
- Is it a good idea to buy annuities for my IRA or qualified plan?
- 我的年金支出如何纳税?
- What tax must my beneficiaries or heirs pay if my annuity continues after my death?
- 我应该如何购买年金?
- What are the added or hidden costs in buying an annuity?
- Is it better to take an annuity or a lump-sum distribution?
- 什么是联合和幸存者年金?
- Can I change from a joint and survivor annuity if it doesn't meet my needs?
什么是可变年金?
Variable annuity 合同s are sold by insurance companies. 购买者需要支付额外的, 例如, $10,000 for a single payment 变额年金 or $50 a month for a periodic payment 变额年金. 的 insurance company deposits these premiums in an account that is invested in a portfolio of securities. 的 value of the portfolio goes up or down as the prices of its securities rise or fall.
经过一段时间后, which often coincides with the year the purchaser turns age 65, the assets are converted into annuity payments. Although the insurance company guarantees a minimum payment, 这些支付是可变的, since they depend on the periodic performance of the underlying securities.
Almost all 变额年金 合同s carry sales charges, administrative charges, and asset charges. 的 amounts differ from one 合同 to another and from one insurance company to another.
固定年金合同不被认为是证券，也不受证券交易委员会的监管.
年金是如何运作的?
An annuity, 在本质上, is insurance against "living too long." In contrast, traditional life insurance guards against "dying too soon." Briefly, here is how annuities function: An investor hands over funds to an insurance company. 保险公司负责资金的投资. 在年金期限的最后, the insurer pays the investor his or her investment plus the earnings. 的 amount paid at maturity may be a lump sum or an annuity, which is a set of periodic payments that are guaranteed as to amount and payment period.
在年金期间产生的收益是递延纳税的，投资者在支付金额之前不纳税. 因为税收延期, your funds have the chance to grow more quickly than they would in a taxable investment.
我应该投资年金吗?
的re are two reasons to use an annuity as an investment vehicle:
- You want to save money for a long-range goal, and/or
- You want a guaranteed stream of income for a certain period of time.
Annuities lend themselves well to funding retirement, and, in certain cases, education costs.
年金的一个负面影响是，在增长期间，你无法在不交税和罚款的情况下取出你的钱. 美国税法规定，在59岁半之前从递延税年金中提取的资金，将被处以10%的提前提取罚款, and insurers impose penalties on withdrawals made before the term of the annuity is up. 的 insurers' penalties are termed "surrender charges," and they usually apply for the first seven years of the annuity 合同.
的se penalties lead to a de facto restriction on the use of annuities as an investment. It really only makes sense to put your money in an annuity if you can leave it there for at least ten years, and only when the withdrawals are scheduled to occur after age 59-1/2. This is why annuities work well mostly for retirement needs, or for education funding in cases where the depositor will be at least 59-1/2 when withdrawals begin.
根据《手机赌博软件》的规定，如果年金以孩子的名义持有，年金也可以有效地用于资助教育费用. 的 child would then pay tax on the earnings when the time came for withdrawals. A major drawback to this planning technique is that the child is free to use the money for any purpose, 不仅仅是教育成本.
If an investment adviser recommends a tax-deferred 变额年金, should you invest it? Or would a regular taxable investment be better?
一般, you should be aware that tax-deferred annuities very often yield less than regular investments. 的y have higher expenses than regular investments, and these expenses eat into your returns. On the plus side, the annuity provides a death benefit. 你还应该知道，投资顾问可能会从他或她推荐的产品中获得佣金.
Should a retiree purchase an 即时年金?
乍一看, the 即时年金 would seem to make sense for retirees with lump-sum distributions from retirement plans. 毕竟, an initial lump-sum premium can be converted into a series of monthly, 按季或按年付款, representing a portion of principal plus interest, 并保证会持续一生. 的 portion of the periodic payout that is a return of principal is excluded from taxable income.
然而，风险是存在的. 有一件事, when you lock yourself into a lifetime of level payments, 你不是在防范通货膨胀. You are also gambling that you will live long enough to get your money back. 因此, 如果你买150美元,000 annuity and die after collecting only $60,000, 保险公司通常可以保留剩下的部分. Unlike other investments, the balance doesn't go to your heirs. 此外, since the interest rate is fixed by the insurer when you buy it, 你锁定了今天的低利率.
You can hedge your bets by opting for what's called a "certain period,”,, 如果你死了, guarantees payment for some years to your beneficiaries. 的re are also "joint-and-survivor" options, which pay your spouse for the remainder of his or her life after you die, 或者“退款”功能, in which a portion of the remaining principal is resumed to your beneficiaries.
Some plans offer quasi-inflation adjusted payments. 一家公司保证在前15年每三年增加10%的付款. Payments are then subject to an annual cost-of-living adjustment, with a 3 percent maximum. 然而, 这些增强的应用, you will have to settle for much lower monthly payments than the simple version.
一些公司已经推出了即时年金，这种年金可能提供更高的回报，以换取一些市场风险. 这些“变量, immediate annuities" convert an initial premium into a lifetime income; however, they tie the monthly payments to the returns on a basket of mutual funds.
If you want a comfortable retirement income, your best bet is a balanced portfolio of mutual funds. If you want to guarantee that you will not outlive your money, you can plan your withdrawals over a longer time horizon.
How do life annuities differ from life insurance?
While traditional life insurance guards against "dying too soon,“年金, 在本质上, can be used as insurance against "living too long.“用年金, you will receive in return a series of periodic payments that are guaranteed as to amount and payment period. 因此, if you choose to take the annuity payments over your lifetime (there are many other options), you will have a guaranteed source of "income" until your death.
如果你“死得太早”(也就是说, 你不会超过你的预期寿命), you will get back from the insurer far less than you paid in. 另一方面, 如果你“活得太久”，比预期寿命长，你得到的回报可能远远超过你的年金成本——以及由此带来的收入. 相比之下, if you put your funds into a traditional investment, you may run out of funds before your death.
What's the down side to buying an annuity?
You cannot get to your money during the growth period without incurring taxes and penalties. 税法规定，在59-1/2岁之前从递延税年金中提取的资金将被处以10%的提前提取罚款，而保险公司则对在年金到期前提取的资金处以罚款. 的 insurers' penalties are termed "surrender charges," and they usually apply for the first seven years of the annuity 合同.
有哪些类型的年金?
你可以购买 保费年金, in which the investment is made all at once (perhaps using a lump sum from a retirement plan payout).
与 flexible-premium年金, the annuity is funded with a series of payments. 第一笔付款可能会非常少.
的 即时年金 starts payments right after the annuity is funded. It is usually funded with a single premium, and is usually purchased by retirees with funds they have accumulated for retirement.
与一个 延期年金, payouts begin many years after the annuity 合同 is issued. 延期支付年金 are used as long-term investment vehicles by retirees and non-retirees alike. 的y are used in tax-deferred retirement plans and as individual tax-sheltered annuity investments, and may be funded with a single or flexible premium.
与一个 固定年金 合同, the insurance company puts your funds into conservative, 固定收益投资，如债券. 你的本金是有保障的, 保险公司会给你一个最低保证期限的利率，从一个月到一年不等, 或更多的. A 固定年金 合同 is similar to a CD or a money market fund, depending on length of the period during which interest is guaranteed, and is considered a low risk investment vehicle.
This guaranteed interest rate is adjusted upwards or downwards at the end of the guarantee period.
所有的固定年金也保证你在整个合同期间都有3%到5%的最低利率.
对于风险承受力低、投资期限短的投资者来说，固定年金是一种很好的年金选择. 的 growth that will occur will be relatively low. 在利率下降的时候, 固定年金投资者受益, while in times of rising interest rates they do not.
的 变额年金, 哪一种被认为风险高于固定年金(与共同基金投资的风险水平大致相同)，让你能够选择如何在几个不同的管理基金中分配资金. 的re are usually three types of funds: stocks, bonds, and cash-equivalents. Unlike the 固定年金, there are no guarantees of principal or interest. 然而, the 变额年金 does benefit from tax deferral on the earnings.
You can switch your allocations from time to time for a small fee or sometimes for free.
对于风险承受能力中等至高、投资期限较长的投资者来说，可变年金是一种很好的年金选择.
Today, insurers make available annuities that combine both fixed and variable features.
What are my options for collecting my annuity?
When it's time to begin taking withdrawals from your 延期年金, you have several choices. Most people choose a monthly annuity-type payment, although a lump sum withdrawal is also possible. 的 size of your monthly payment depends on several factors including:
- 的 size of the amount in your annuity 合同
- Whether there are minimum required payments
- 年金者的预期寿命
- Whether payments continue after the annuitant's death
Summaries of the most common forms of payment (settlement options) are listed below. Keep in mind that once you have chosen a payment option, you cannot change your mind.
固定的数量 gives you a fixed monthly amount (chosen by you) that continues until your annuity is used up. 的 risk of using this option is that you may live longer than your money lasts. If you die before your annuity is exhausted, your beneficiary gets the rest.
固定期限 pays you a fixed amount over the time period you choose. For example, you might choose to have the annuity paid out over ten years. If you are seeking retirement income before some other benefits start, this may be a good option. If you die before the period is up, your beneficiary gets the remaining amount.
一辈子还是一辈子 支付会一直持续到你死. 对幸存者没有任何赔偿. 的 life annuity gives you the highest monthly benefit of the options listed here. 的 risk is that you will die early, thus leaving the insurance company with some of your funds.
特定时期的生命 在你活着的时候支付(和终身年金一样)，但有一个你或你的受益人将收到支付的最短期限, 即使你比预期死得早. 的 longer the guarantee period is, the lower the monthly benefit will be.
Installment-Refund pays you as long as you live and guarantees that, 你早死吗?, whatever is left of your original investment will be paid to a beneficiary.
关节和幸存者. 在一个联合和幸存者选项, monthly payments are made during the annuitants' joint lives, with the same or a lesser amount paid to whoever is the survivor. In the option typically used for retired employees, monthly payments are made to the retired employee, with the same or a lesser amount to the employee's surviving spouse or other beneficiary. 在这种情况下, 雇员的配偶(或其他同属年金人)在雇员去世前死亡不会影响其遗属的收入. 每月支付的金额取决于年金领取者的年龄，以及幸存者支付的金额是联合金额的100%还是更低的百分比.
What's the tax on payouts from a qualified plan or IRA annuity?
A tax-qualified annuity is one used to fund a qualified retirement plan, 比如IRA, 基奥计划, 401 (k)计划, 自雇人士(简化雇员退休金), 或者其他的退休计划.
Any nondeductible or after-tax amount you put into the plan is not subject to income tax when withdrawn
的 earnings on your investment are not taxed until withdrawal.
If you withdraw money before the age of 59 1/2, you may have to pay a 10 percent penalty on the amount withdrawn in addition to the regular income tax. 10%罚金的一个例外是在你的余生中以相等的周期支付的方式取出年金.
当你72岁时, 你必须开始按税法规定的最低金额提取存款(罗斯个人退休账户和年满72岁仍在工作的员工除外).
Is it a good idea to buy annuities for my IRA or qualified plan?
虽然有时会这样做, 因为合格的计划、个人退休帐户和年金都是递延纳税的，所以将年金纳入这样的计划不会获得税收优势. 可能会更好, 这取决于你的情况, to put other investments such as mutual funds in IRAs and qualified retirement plans, and hold annuities in your individual account.
我的年金支出如何纳税?
Payouts are taxed differently for qualified and non-qualified plans. 这些差异总结如下.
合格年金和非合格年金
A tax-qualified annuity is one used to fund a qualified retirement plan, 比如IRA, 基奥计划, 401 (k)计划, 自雇人士(简化雇员退休金), 或者其他的退休计划. tax-qualified年金, when used as a retirement savings vehicle, is entitled to all of the tax benefits-and penalties--that Congress saw fit to attach to such plans.
税收优惠包括:
- 的 amount you put into the plan is not subject to income tax, and/or
- 的 earnings on your investment are not taxed until withdrawal.
A non-qualified annuity, on the other hand, is purchased with after-tax dollars. You still get the benefit of tax deferral on the earnings.
合格年金税收规则
When you withdraw money from a qualified plan annuity that was funded with pre-tax dollars, you must pay income tax on the entire amount withdrawn.
当你72岁时, you will have to start taking withdrawals, in certain minimum amounts specified by the tax law.
非合格年金的税收规则
与一个 non-qualified plan annuity that was funded with after-tax dollars, you pay tax only on the part of the withdrawal that represents earnings on your original investment.
If you make a withdrawal before the age of 59-1/2, you will pay the 10 percent penalty only on the portion of the withdrawal that represents earnings.
不合格年金, you are not subject to the minimum distribution rules that apply to qualified plans after you reach age 72.
What tax must my beneficiaries or heirs pay if my annuity continues after my death?
税收可能适用于你的受益人(你指定接受进一步支付的人)或你的继承人(你的遗产或那些在你没有指定受益人的情况下继承遗产的人).
所得税. 由你的受益人或继承人收取的年金，将按照适用于你收取的年金的相同原则纳税.
例外: 的re's no 10 percent penalty on withdrawal under age 59-1/2 regardless of the recipient's age, 或者你死时的年龄.
遗产税. 在你去世时，剩余的年金支付的现值是你的遗产的一项资产，需要与其他遗产资产一起缴纳遗产税. Annuities passing to your surviving spouse or to charity would escape this tax.
我应该如何购买年金?
检查保险公司. Make sure that the insurance company offering it is financially sound. Annuity investments are not federally guaranteed, so the soundness of the insurance company is the only assurance you can rely on. 几家服务费率保险公司.
比较合同. For immediate annuities: Compare the settlement options. For each $1,000 invested, how much of a monthly payout will you get? Consider the interest rate and any penalties and charges.
延期支付年金. 比较速度, 保修期的长短, and a five-year history of rates paid on the 合同, 不仅仅是利率.
可变年金. Check out the past performance of the funds involved.
If a particular fund has a great track record, ascertain whether the same management is still in place. Although past performance is no guarantee, consistent management will grant you better odds.
What are the added or hidden costs in buying an annuity?
还有与年金相关的成本. Here are the most important items you should be aware of:
销售佣金. Ask for details on any commissions you will be paying. 佣金的百分比是多少? Is the commission deducted as a front-end load? If so, your investment is directly reduced by the amount of the commission. A no-load annuity 合同, or at least a low-load 合同, is the best choice.
投降的惩罚. Find out the surrender charges (that is, the amounts charged for early withdrawals). 的 typical charge is 7 percent for first-year withdrawals, 第二年是6%, 等等, 七年后就不会被起诉了.
Be sure the surrender charge "clock" starts running with the date your 合同 begins, 不是每一笔新投资.
其他费用及成本. 询问其他费用. With variable annuities, the fees must be disclosed in the prospectus. Fees lower your return, so it is important to know about them. 费用可能包括:
- 病死率是1比1.35 percent of your account (protection for the insurer in case you live a long time)
- 每年的维护费为20到30美元
- 投资咨询费0.3 percent to 1 percent of the assets in the annuity's portfolios
其他的考虑. 一些年金合同提供“纾困”条款，允许你在利率低于规定金额时将年金套现，而无需支付退保费.
也可能有一个“持续性”奖金，奖励年金谁保持他们的年金一定的最短时间.
Is it better to take an annuity or a lump-sum distribution?
As in so many areas of retirement planning, that depends upon your particular needs and circumstances.
An annuity preserves the tax shelter for funds not yet paid out as annuity income, continuing to grow tax-free to fund future payouts.
A lump sum withdrawal may be preferable for those in questionable health.
- 考虑一种带有“退款功能”的年金，如果你早于预期死亡，它可以保证你的继承人得到一笔固定的金额.
什么是联合和幸存者年金?
联合和遗属年金在你的一生中支付一定数额的年金，并向你在世的配偶终身支付该数额的一半(可能更多).
在几乎所有的情况下, 你在联合和幸存者年金下得到的年度金额将比你在单独生活年金下得到的金额要少.
Can I change from a joint and survivor annuity if it doesn't meet my needs?
Joint and survivor annuities are almost always required in pension plans, 有时在其他计划中. But you and your spouse can still agree to some other form.
Chief reasons for such agreement are so that your child or other family member can share in the income, 或者取一次性分布, or to take a larger annual amount over the participant's life alone.